diff --git a/src/shared/key-management/openai/checker.ts b/src/shared/key-management/openai/checker.ts
index e3b0806..5cec227 100644
--- a/src/shared/key-management/openai/checker.ts
+++ b/src/shared/key-management/openai/checker.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { AxiosError } from "axios";
 import { KeyCheckerBase } from "../key-checker-base";
-import type { OpenAIKey, OpenAIKeyProvider } from "./provider";
+import type { OpenAIKey, OpenAIKeyProvider, OpenAIKeyUpdate } from "./provider";
 import { OpenAIModelFamily, getOpenAIModelFamily } from "../../models";
 import { getAxiosInstance } from "../../network";
 
@@ -51,29 +51,38 @@ export class OpenAIKeyChecker extends KeyCheckerBase<OpenAIKey> {
         this.testLiveness(key),
         this.maybeCreateOrganizationClones(key),
       ]);
-      const updates = {
+      const updates: OpenAIKeyUpdate = {
         modelFamilies: provisionedModels,
         isTrial: livenessTest.rateLimit <= 250,
       };
       
-      // If the model list claims to include gpt-image-1, verify organization status with streaming test
-      if (provisionedModels.includes("gpt-image") || provisionedModels.includes("o3")) {
-        try {
-          const isVerifiedOrg = await this.testVerifiedOrg(key);
-          if (!isVerifiedOrg) {
-            // Only remove gpt-image from unverified orgs - they can still use o3, just not stream it
-            const updatedFamilies = provisionedModels.filter(family => family !== "gpt-image");
-            updates.modelFamilies = updatedFamilies;
-            this.log.warn({ key: key.hash }, "Key's organization is not verified. Removing gpt-image-1 from available models.");
-          } else {
-            this.log.info({ key: key.hash }, "Verified organization status for key. Can use gpt-image-1 and o3 streaming.");
-          }
-        } catch (error) {
-          // If test fails, assume no access to be safe, but only for gpt-image
+      // Test organization verification status for all keys
+      // This is needed for GPT-5, o1, o3, and gpt-image-1 streaming restrictions
+      try {
+        const isVerifiedOrg = await this.testVerifiedOrg(key);
+        // Always set the organizationVerified field for all keys
+        updates.organizationVerified = isVerifiedOrg;
+        
+        // Only remove gpt-image from unverified orgs if they have it
+        if (!isVerifiedOrg && provisionedModels.includes("gpt-image")) {
           const updatedFamilies = provisionedModels.filter(family => family !== "gpt-image");
           updates.modelFamilies = updatedFamilies;
-          this.log.error({ key: key.hash, error }, "Error testing organization verification status. Removing gpt-image-1 from available models.");
+          this.log.warn({ key: key.hash }, "Key's organization is not verified. Removing gpt-image-1 from available models.");
         }
+        
+        if (isVerifiedOrg) {
+          this.log.info({ key: key.hash }, "Verified organization status for key. Can use streaming for GPT-5, o1, o3, and gpt-image-1.");
+        } else {
+          this.log.warn({ key: key.hash }, "Key's organization is not verified. Streaming restricted for GPT-5, o1, o3, and gpt-image-1.");
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        // If test fails, assume no access to be safe
+        updates.organizationVerified = false;
+        if (provisionedModels.includes("gpt-image")) {
+          const updatedFamilies = provisionedModels.filter(family => family !== "gpt-image");
+          updates.modelFamilies = updatedFamilies;
+        }
+        this.log.error({ key: key.hash, error }, "Error testing organization verification status. Assuming not verified for safety.");
       }
       
       this.updateKey(key.hash, updates);
@@ -334,17 +343,17 @@ export class OpenAIKeyChecker extends KeyCheckerBase<OpenAIKey> {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Tests whether the key's organization is verified by attempting to stream from the o3 model.
-   * Only verified organizations can stream from o3, so this is a reliable test for both
-   * o3 streaming and gpt-image-1 access (which also requires verified organization status).
+   * Tests whether the key's organization is verified by attempting to stream from the gpt-5-mini model.
+   * Only verified organizations can stream from GPT-5 models, so this is a reliable test for both
+   * GPT-5 streaming and gpt-image-1 access (which also requires verified organization status).
    * Returns true if the organization is verified.
    */
   public async testVerifiedOrg(key: OpenAIKey): Promise<boolean> {
-    this.log.info({ key: key.hash }, "Testing organization verification status via o3 streaming");
+    this.log.info({ key: key.hash }, "Testing organization verification status via gpt-5-mini streaming");
     
     try {
       const payload = {
-        model: "o3",
+        model: "gpt-5-nano",
         messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Hi" }],
         max_completion_tokens: 1,
         stream: true
@@ -366,7 +375,7 @@ export class OpenAIKeyChecker extends KeyCheckerBase<OpenAIKey> {
       if (response.status === 200) {
         this.log.info(
           { key: key.hash, status: response.status },
-          `Organization is verified. Streaming o3 request succeeded with status code ${response.status}`
+          `Organization is verified. Streaming gpt-5-mini request succeeded with status code ${response.status}`
         );
         return true;
       }
@@ -379,7 +388,7 @@ export class OpenAIKeyChecker extends KeyCheckerBase<OpenAIKey> {
       if (errorMessage.includes("organization must be verified")) {
         this.log.warn(
           { key: key.hash, status: response.status, error: errorMessage },
-          "Organization is not verified: verification required for streaming o3"
+          "Organization is not verified: verification required for streaming gpt-5-mini"
         );
         return false;
       }
@@ -391,7 +400,7 @@ export class OpenAIKeyChecker extends KeyCheckerBase<OpenAIKey> {
         if (errorMessage.includes("stream") && errorMessage.includes("unsupported_value")) {
           this.log.warn(
             { key: key.hash, status: response.status, error: errorMessage },
-            "Organization is not verified: cannot stream with o3"
+            "Organization is not verified: cannot stream with gpt-5-mini"
           );
           return false;
         }
@@ -433,7 +442,7 @@ export class OpenAIKeyChecker extends KeyCheckerBase<OpenAIKey> {
           if (errorMessage.includes("stream") && errorMessage.includes("unsupported_value")) {
             this.log.warn(
               { key: key.hash, status, error: errorMessage },
-              "Organization is not verified: cannot stream with o3"
+              "Organization is not verified: cannot stream with gpt-5-mini"
             );
             return false;
           }
diff --git a/src/shared/key-management/openai/provider.ts b/src/shared/key-management/openai/provider.ts
index e9f2600..353db3c 100644
--- a/src/shared/key-management/openai/provider.ts
+++ b/src/shared/key-management/openai/provider.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ export interface OpenAIKey extends Key {
   organizationId?: string;
   /** Whether this is a free trial key. These are prioritized over paid keys if they can fulfill the request. */
   isTrial: boolean;
+  /** Whether the organization associated with this key is verified. Verified organizations can use streaming for GPT-5 models and gpt-image-1. */
+  organizationVerified?: boolean;
   /** Set when key check returns a non-transient 429. */
   isOverQuota: boolean;
   /**
@@ -146,7 +148,9 @@ export class OpenAIKeyProvider implements KeyProvider<OpenAIKey> {
     
     // GPT-5 models (gpt-5, gpt-5-mini, gpt-5-nano) require verified keys for streaming
     const isGpt5Model = /^gpt-5(-mini|-nano)?(-\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})?$/.test(model) || model === "gpt-5-chat-latest";
-    const isGpt5StreamingRequest = isGpt5Model && streaming;
+    const isO1Model = /^o1(-mini|-preview)?(-\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})?$/.test(model);
+    const isO3Model = /^o3(-mini)?(-\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})?$/.test(model);
+    const requiresVerifiedStreaming = (isGpt5Model || isO1Model || isO3Model) && streaming;
 
     // First, filter keys based on basic criteria
     let availableKeys = this.keys.filter(
@@ -174,9 +178,8 @@ export class OpenAIKeyProvider implements KeyProvider<OpenAIKey> {
       });
       
       // Filter to only include keys from verified organizations
-      // A key is from a verified organization if our verification test didn't remove gpt-image
-      // This is the critical filter that ensures only verified org keys are used
-      const verifiedKeys = availableKeys.filter(key => key.modelFamilies.includes("gpt-image"));
+      // Use the organizationVerified field which is set by the key checker
+      const verifiedKeys = availableKeys.filter(key => key.organizationVerified === true);
       
       if (verifiedKeys.length > 0) {
         this.log.info(
@@ -192,28 +195,28 @@ export class OpenAIKeyProvider implements KeyProvider<OpenAIKey> {
       }
     }
     
-    // For GPT-5 streaming requests, we need to use only verified keys
-    // GPT-5 models (gpt-5, gpt-5-mini, gpt-5-nano) require verified organizations for streaming
-    if (isGpt5StreamingRequest) {
+    // For streaming requests with models that require verified organizations
+    // GPT-5, o1, and o3 models require verified organizations for streaming
+    if (requiresVerifiedStreaming) {
       this.log.debug(
         { model, keyCount: availableKeys.length, streaming },
-        "Filtering keys for GPT-5 streaming request to ensure verified organization status"
+        "Filtering keys for streaming request to ensure verified organization status"
       );
       
       // Filter to only include keys from verified organizations
-      // We piggyback on the existing verification logic: verified keys still have gpt-image access
-      const verifiedKeys = availableKeys.filter(key => key.modelFamilies.includes("gpt-image"));
+      // Use the organizationVerified field which is set by the key checker
+      const verifiedKeys = availableKeys.filter(key => key.organizationVerified === true);
       
       if (verifiedKeys.length > 0) {
         this.log.info(
           { model, totalKeys: availableKeys.length, verifiedKeys: verifiedKeys.length, streaming },
-          "Using only verified organization keys for GPT-5 streaming request"
+          "Using only verified organization keys for streaming request"
         );
         availableKeys = verifiedKeys;
       } else {
         this.log.warn(
           { model, totalKeys: availableKeys.length, streaming },
-          "No verified organization keys available for GPT-5 streaming request"
+          "No verified organization keys available for streaming request"
         );
         // Set availableKeys to empty array to trigger the error below
         availableKeys = [];
@@ -221,10 +224,9 @@ export class OpenAIKeyProvider implements KeyProvider<OpenAIKey> {
     }
 
     if (availableKeys.length === 0) {
-      // Provide specific error message for GPT-5 streaming requests
-      if (isGpt5StreamingRequest) {
+      if (requiresVerifiedStreaming) {
         throw new PaymentRequiredError(
-          `No verified OpenAI keys available for streaming ${model}. GPT-5 models require verified organization keys for streaming. Please disable streaming.`
+          "No verified OpenAI keys available for streaming GPT-5, o1, or o3 models. Only verified organizations can stream these models. Please disable streaming or contact support to verify your organization."
         );
       }
       throw new PaymentRequiredError(